Thyroid Issues? What You Should Know About Foods and Supplements to Avoid (2024)

People with thyroid conditions can’t manage their condition through diet. But, eating the wrong foods or taking the wrong supplements can cause trouble.

Among the foods to go easy on are soy, kelp and dietary supplements like iodine and selenium, says endocrinologist Christian Nasr, MD. “There is a lot of literature on what people shouldn’t do,” he says.

Should people with thyroid problems avoid these foods?

Soy: If you have hypothyroidism, yes. Eating too much soy causes problems only for those with hypothyroidism, which occurs when your thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormones, Dr. Nasr says.

The main problem is that soy may hinder absorption of the hormones that such patients take.

Generally, experts recommend that people who have a borderline thyroid — one that’s a little underactive but you’re still trying to preserve thyroid function — do not to consume large amounts of soy every day, he adds.

Turnips and root vegetables: No. These vegetables are sometimes thought to cause thyroid problems, but that’s not the case, Dr. Nasr says. They are good for your diet, regardless of any thyroid issues.

One root vegetable that is the exception is cassava, a common staple in certain parts of Africa. This plant “is known to produce toxins that can slow an already underactive thyroid, especially in the presence of an iodine deficiency,” Dr. Nasr says. “But that’s not relevant here in the United States, unless you cook cassava and you eat it every day.”

Kelp: No, but don’t take it in supplement form. People with thyroid issues should not have more than an average daily recommended intake of 158 to 175 micrograms of kelp per day, Dr. Nasr says. The concentration of kelp in foods is generally not enough to cause a problem, but a kelp capsule can contain as much as 500 micrograms, he says. “Those recommendations to go easy on kelp are for people who don’t understand and take three capsules per day. If you eat an average amount of kelp once a day, that’s not a problem.” Pregnant women especially should avoid ingesting large amounts of kelp, as it may put them at risk for developing fetal goiter, he adds.

Cabbage and cruciferous veggies: Yes. Even though they are good for us, cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables eaten raw in large quantities, especially in the context of iodine deficiency or borderline iodine levels, can result in hypothyroidism. These vegetables generate a substance that competes with the uptake of iodine by the thyroid.

Should people with thyroid problems avoid these supplements?

Iodine: Yes. Avoid it as a supplement whether you have hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The effect of iodine supplements can vary by person, causing the thyroid to produce either too much or too little hormone.

Certain alternative medicine websites or doctors tell patients that iodine is good for your thyroid, Dr. Nasr says, but “if there is anybody who shouldn’t take iodine, it is thyroid patients.” Such claims are made because iodine deficiency is the No. 1 cause of thyroid conditions in the world, he says. But that’s not true in the U.S., where we have iodine in our diets. Iodine is added to many foods, and not just salt, he says.

He also assures patients not to worry that you are getting too much iodine from everyday foods. “You would have to eat a ton of it to cause problems,” he says. “It’s not, ‘don’t eat anything with iodine.’ It’s, ‘don’t eat a bunch of iodine.’ And patients should be careful with iodine-concentrated supplements.”

Selenium: No, but don’t take more than 200 micrograms per day. Selenium, which is needed to support efficient thyroid function, is not something you would typically find at the grocery store, but an alternative medicine doctor might prescribe it, Dr. Nasr says. You can also get it in foods like fish, Brazil nuts, meat and poultry. A selenium supplement is OK to use “as long as you’re not overdoing it,” he says.