The foot and ankle is a complicated part of the body that has many moving parts that must work together to let us run, jump, stand on our toes, and walk. If one part of this group of muscles and bones gets injured, it often has a domino effect on the rest of the foot.
Attaching the calf muscle to the heel bone is a rubber band-like tendon called the Achilles. This tendon is used to move the foot forwards and backwards to help us have the mobility to jump, run, walk, and stand on the toes. Continuous physical activity and overuse can create painful inflammation of this area of the foot, known as tendinitis.
Almost the entire tendon consists of type-1 and type-3 collagen. Type-1 collagen, the stronger of the two, gives this tendon its strength. Unlike other tendons in the body, the Achilles rotates 90 degrees from its attached muscles to the back of the heel. This improves the efficiency in running, absorbing the shock of the heel hitting the ground, and letting the foot push off to take another step.
Teodon Injuries
The Achilles tendon is a common place for an injury due to overuse. While it is not a weak tendon, there is a tremendous amount of strain put on it during physical activity. One study showed that 15% of military cadets suffered from an injury of their Achilles tendon after completing a six-week basic-training program. An Achilles tendon injury may be more common with age, because it weakens significantly as it gets older.
While injuries can be treated at home with stretches and exercises, it may be important to seek medical attention. If tendinitis continues to get worse, the tendon can tear, requiring medication and surgery.
The Achilles tendon is strained and stretched when we push off to accelerate into running. The force put on this tendon can be up to seven times the weight of the average body, nearing the maximum amount of strain on Achilles tendon before rupturing.
It is easy to feel this tendon. It is located above the heel on the back of the ankle and feels like a rubbery band of tissue. It is enveloped in a blanket of blood vessels which helps to keep it nourished.
Research actually confirms that the muscles attached to the Achilles tendon do very little work while pushing the body forward into acceleration. This leaves a lot of pressure and strain on the Achilles tendon to do all of the work and stretch while running and then return energy for the next step. The Achilles stores and returns energy to be able to continue to work throughout the running process. The more exercise that is done, the more the body learns to optimize this storage of energy to then be used to help the body accelerate.
However, due to this intense strength that the Achilles stores, it also increased the chance of injury. There are different types of injuries that the Achilles can sustain. These fall into one of three categories, including insertional tendinitis, non-insertional tendinosis, and paratenonitis. Insertional tendinitis is the most common, so that is what will be discussed at length.
Causes of Achilles Tendon Injury
Insertional tendinitis is difficult to treat. It occurs when there is inflammation where the Achilles attaches to the heel. Here are some examples of what causes Achilles tendon injury, how to identify Achilles tendon injury, and how to recover Achilles tendon injury.
Insertional tendinitis most often occurs in people who have high arches and a tight Achilles tendon. A Haglund’s deformity is also a risk factor for this injury. This phenomenon is characterized by a bony mass on the back of the heel that causes the soft tissue around the tendon to become irritated when rubbing against the backs of shoes. This leads to retrocalcaneal bursitis. This is bursitis of the heel, which occurs when the fluid filled sacs that protect the bones and other moving parts of this area are aggravated.
While the most common causes of Achilles tendonitis are related to exercise and activity, other factors could also contribute to the risk of tendonitis. Infections that cause inflammation of the bursa or affect the white blood cells around the tendon, as well as rheumatoid arthritis are correlated with tendonitis.
Repetitive strain or use, however, is the most common cause. This includes exercising without warming up, straining the calf, making quick pivots or change of direction in sports, wearing poorly fitted shoes, and wearing high heeled shoes that stretch the bottom of the foot for a long period of time.
The development of this type of Achilles tendon injury once seemed obvious. It was thought that people with high arches and tight muscles put an increased strain on their Achilles tendon when the foot is bent upwards. While this seems logical, the opposite has proven to be true.
Researchers determined that the back of the Achilles tendon is less strained as the ankle is bent upwards, while the front of the tendon is exposed to less of stress. With insertional tendinitis, the back of the tendon is most often injured. This research shows the lack of stress on the front of the tendon may cause that portion of the tendon to weaken and eventually fail.
How to Identify Achilles Tendon Injury
Achilles tendon injuries can come along with large amounts of pain. This pain is experienced all around the area of the foot, including along the back of the foot, the ankle, as well as above the heel. This is especially true when stretching the ankle or lifting up to stand on the balls of your feet. This pain may begin as being mild, yet gradually worsen.
1
With an injury, it is difficult to engage the muscles around the tendon, especially if it is completely torn. In order to have this injury diagnosed, a doctor must give a thorough exam, watching the patient walk or jog while looking for issues that may have contributed to this injury.
2
If the tendon is ruptured, pain can come on quickly and be very severe. Some signs of rupturing include tenderness, stiffness, and swelling. You may even be able to hear the injury by the snapping or popping noise that it makes.
3
NYDNRehab Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Equipment
Aplio i800 ultrasound
Insertional Achilles Tendonitis Sonoelastography
STORZ MEDICAL shockwave
How to Recover From an Injury
It is important to strengthen the front tendons when treating insertional tendinitis. This can be done by performing specific exercises. Exercises are thought to create a slight pulsation that stimulates the production of collagen in the area in order to repair the tendon. Slowly raising and lowering yourself off your heels creates a slight muscle pulsation that places a greater amount of strain on the front portion of the tendon, causing it to strengthen.
When these injuries happen in people with high arches, the best treatment is the use of slighted wedged shoes. Having heel lifts increases the activity in the muscles surrounding the Achilles tendon, which helps to keep them strong. Anyone who is at a high risk for an Achilles tendon injury or is strongly trying to prevent it can use these special shoes to keep the muscles in the foot strong. A night brace should also be considered for those who experience pain in the morning.
Lengthening the muscles in the heel with gentle stretches along with a deep tissue massage can relieve some pain. Mild stretching is sufficient, as too much stretching may cause a re-injury. All healing of an Achilles tendon injury should be performed gently.
Prior to stretching, massage the calf muscles and the back of the ankle in order to help lengthen and relax the muscles as fast as possible. Deep-tissue massage increases the range of motion of the muscles more effectively.
Kineo inteligent load for Insertional Achilles Tendonitis Rehabilitation
Tendons heal by loading them. The Kineo intelligent load system was developed by professional soccer teams for treatment and prevention of various tendon disorders and ACL tears.
Insertional Achilles Tendonitis Massage Treatment at NYDNRehab
At our clinic, we have extensive experience in Achilles Tendon Injury relief.
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NYDNRehab provides a treatment based on a combination of such methods as:
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy
Eccentric loading
Taping – insertional type
Manual therapy
Research shows that by far the greatest results were achieved with any type of Achilles tendinopathy by combining ESWT with eccentric loading exercises
Lev Kalika Clinical Director and DC, RMSK
Dr.Kalika has revolutionized Achilles tendon care by using high resolution diagnostic ultrasonography for structural diagnosis, combined with gait and motion analysis technology. The NYDNRehab motion and gait analysis lab is the only private lab in the US to feature research-grade technologies found only in the world’s top research labs, and made available to patients in our private clinic. Dr.Kalika’s modern approach to athletic Achilles tendon injuries has put him on the radar of some of the world’s top distance runners, pro athletes and professional ballet dancers.
Our Specialists
Dr. Mikhail Bernshteyn MD (Internist)
Dr. Michael Goynatsky DPT
Dr. Daniela Escudero DPT
Dr. Michelle Agyakwah DC
Dr. Tatyana Kapustina L. Ac.
